Evaluation of Mobile Phone and Cordless Phone Use and Glioma Risk

Bron: www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2017/9218486/
BioMed Research International
Volume 2017 (2017), Article ID 9218486, 17 pages
16 maart 2017

Review Article

Evaluation of Mobile Phone and Cordless Phone Use and Glioma Risk Using the Bradford Hill Viewpoints from 1965 on Association or Causation

Michael Carlberg and Lennart Hardell
Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden

Correspondence should be addressed to Michael Carlberg
Received 17 November 2016; Accepted 29 January 2017; Published 16 March 2017
Copyright © 2017 Michael Carlberg and Lennart Hardell.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objective. Bradford Hill’s viewpoints from 1965 on association or causation were used on glioma risk and use of mobile or cordless phones.

Methods. All nine viewpoints were evaluated based on epidemiology and laboratory studies.

Results.
Strength: meta-analysis of case-control studies gave odds ratio (OR) = 1.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.31–2.76 with highest cumulative exposure.
Consistency: the risk increased with latency, meta-analysis gave in the 10+ years’ latency group OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.20–2.19.
Specificity: increased risk for glioma was in the temporal lobe. Using meningioma cases as comparison group still increased the risk.
Temporality: highest risk was in the 20+ years’ latency group, OR = 2.01, 95% CI =1.41–2.88, for wireless phones.
Biological gradiënt: cumulative use of wireless phones increased the risk. Plausibility: animal studies showed an increased incidence of glioma and malignant schwannoma in rats exposed to radiofrequency (RF) radiation. There is increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from RF radiation.
Coherence: there is a change in the natural history of glioma and increasing incidence.
Experiment: antioxidants reduced ROS production from RF radiation.
Analogy: there is an increased risk in subjects exposed to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields.

Conclusion. RF radiation should be regarded as a human carcinogen causing glioma.



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